Emergency medicine
Seyyed Meysam Amini; Mehriyar Yoldashkhan; Sima Zohari; Malihe Nasiri; Zahra Mousavi; Seyed Mohammad Amini
Volume 8, Issue 1 , January 2022, , Pages 8-12
Abstract
Objective: Pain is usually one of the most common symptoms among all traumatic injuries. One of the drugs that has recently entered the Iranian prehospital emergency system is ketorolac. Ketorolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase ...
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Objective: Pain is usually one of the most common symptoms among all traumatic injuries. One of the drugs that has recently entered the Iranian prehospital emergency system is ketorolac. Ketorolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity and reduces pain and inflammation. It can be considered as the strongest analgesic drug in this category. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ketorolac in pain management of traumatic injuries in a prehospital setting.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment method in the pain management of traumatic injuries in the prehospital environment of Lorestan province in Iran. We included 134 injured patients from road emergency bases of Lorestan province. In order to control the pain of these injured patients, 30 mg of ketorolac was injected slowly intravenously in one minute. Pain was measured in the time interval of zero minutes (before injection), 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45 minutes by visual acuity scale (VAS). The analysis of the obtained data was performed by SPSS software version 23.Results: The mean age of participants was 37.42±23.6. There were 47 female injuries (35.1%) and 87 male injuries (64.9%). In terms of pain intensity, 49 patients (36.6%) had moderate pain (VAS = 4-6) and 85 patients (63.4%) had severe pain (VAS = 7-10). The average of pain relief in the injured group with severe and moderate pain 15 minutes after the injection was 0.471 and 0.878 (P = 0.001), respectively. In addition, the mean of pain relief in the injured group with severe and moderate pain 30 minutes after the injection was 1.124 and 1.796, respectively (P = 0.001). Pain reduction in the group of severely injured patients with moderate pain in the first 30 minutes was statistically significant.Conclusion: Findings revealed that ketorolac is a suitable drug in pain management for trauma patients with moderate and severe pain in trauma patients. On the other hand, due to the peak effect (more than 30 minutes), it is not an effective drug for trauma patients with severe pain in a short period transferred to the prehospital environment.
Emergency medicine
Alireza Baratloo; Marzieh Amiri; Mohammad Mehdi Forouzanfar; Sadegh Hasani; Samar Fouda; Ahmad Negida
Volume 2, Issue 1 , January 2016, , Pages 21-24
Abstract
Objective: One of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) named as ketorolac is frequently used to relieve acute pain. Current study was conducted with the aim of ketorolac efficacy measurement as a pain killer agent for controlling the primary headache in emergency departments. Methods: In this ...
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Objective: One of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) named as ketorolac is frequently used to relieve acute pain. Current study was conducted with the aim of ketorolac efficacy measurement as a pain killer agent for controlling the primary headache in emergency departments. Methods: In this study, we enrolled 50 patients with primary headache who received 60 mg ketorolac intravenously as a slow infusion in about 10 minutes. Pain scores were evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS) on arrival and also 1 hour and 2 hours after ketorolac infusion. Statistical analysis was performed on collected data by using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests to assess the differences in VAS pain scores. Results: Decreasing the VAS more than 3 points from the arrival until 1 hour (P < 0.001), and more than 5 points from the arrival until 2 hours after ketorolac administration (P < 0.001) were seen. Those with history of analgesic use before admission in emergency department in comparison with the others did not accompany with more decline in pain score after 1 hour (P = 0.34) or 2 hours (P = 0.92). Conclusion: It seems that ketorolac is assured, safe and well tolerated agent for pain control in patients presented with primary headache to the emergency departments. Based on the results achieved in this study, ketorolac illustrates its perceptible effects within 1 hour after administration that even more prominent after 2 hours.